The Apa Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct Free Essays

The APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity – is the code culturally encapsulated and biased? Emmanuel Mueke Author Note Emmanuel Mueke. Independent Researcher. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Emmanuel Mueke, P. We will write a custom essay sample on The Apa Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct or any similar topic only for you Order Now O. Box 44935 – 00100. Nairobi, Kenya. Contact: emmanuelmueke@gmail. com Abstract This paper explores the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct as regards the issue of multicultural and diverse professional practise. Its aim is to establish whether diversity and cultural variety and differences are adequately provided for in the body of the document. Psychologists are mandated to provide services to a multitude of culturally diverse and varied clients in a manner that is both professional and ethical. In such situations cultural sensitivity is fundamental and has been elevated to best practice. The code has been questioned as to the efficacy of its cultural sensitivity; firstly in terms of whether the code itself is culturally encapsulated and secondly whether there exists an explicit or implicit cultural bias. To address this issue we shall undertake a look at the code; its inherent limitations and shortcomings. Secondly the issue of the importance of cultural sensitivity and its translated application in matters of ethical service delivery shall be addressed. Keywords: APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct, ethics, multicultural, diversity, bias. The APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity – is the code culturally encapsulated and biased? Cultural sensitivity and professional ethics are central to the provision of psychologists’ services; this has led to the APA issuing guidelines in an effort to ensure that best practice is not only aspired to but more importantly achieved. This paper examines the Code of Conduct and the pursuant Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002). Analysis of these documents will establish the existence of mechanisms to ensure protection against cultural bias and effective promotion of cultural sensitivity. Literature Review In the 2002 APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct several principles were outlined to ensure that cultural sensitivity was adopted as the guiding policy for practicing psychologists. The first mention of the issue of diversity and its effect on professional practice is in Principle E, which engenders awareness of and respect for cultural differences and admonishes the practitioners to try and eliminate the effect of biases upon their work and not to condone any activities of others based on prejudice. Further under Section 3. 1, unfair discrimination on any basis including culture is prohibited, combined with Section 3. 03 which admonishes the practitioners from engaging in any behaviour that would be demeaning to a person of different culture. The issue of ethical provision of services is not just about preventing discrimination or harassment to persons of different cultures but it is also about ensuring that they are provided with adequate a nd competent services as they well deserve; to this effect Section 2. 01 provides what has been termed a boundary of competence. The boundary is intended to ensure that the services provided are effective in the specific circumstances faced; to this effect first it limits a psychologist to only undertake to provide services within the boundary of his expertise, education and experience and secondly it mandates that a psychologist must undertake the training or education necessary to provide the requisite services to the target populace, this training or education taking into account all factors that have a bearing on effective service delivery such as age, gender, ethnicity et cetera. Lastly under Section 9. 06 (APA, 2002) when interpreting assessment results a psychologist is mandated to take into account all the factors relevant, including the cultural differences of the assessment subject, that might nuance the results in any way. To translate these into effective practice the APA published the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002); which was meant to embody diversity aspirations for professionals. This document built on the precedent established by the Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations (APA, 1990). It translated the Principles previously outlined into six different guideline rules with the appropriate commentary on the way to best achieve such targets. The guidelines are; 1. Psychologists are encouraged to recognize that, as cultural beings, they may hold attitudes and beliefs that can detrimentally influence their perceptions of and interactions with individuals who are ethnically and racially different from themselves 2. Psychologists are encouraged to recognize the importance of multicultural sensitivity/responsiveness, knowledge, and understanding about ethnically and racially different individuals 3. As educators, psychologists are encouraged to employ the constructs of multiculturalism and diversity in psychological education 4. Culturally sensitive psychological researchers are encouraged to recognize the importance of conducting culture-centred and ethical psychological research among persons from ethnic, linguistic, and racial minority backgrounds 5. Psychologists strive to apply culturally-appropriate skills in clinical and other applied psychological practices 6. Psychologists are encouraged to use organizational change processes to support culturally informed organizational (policy) development and practices Discussion The Guidelines admit the existence of a Eurocentric bias in the psychological profession and posit themselves as an ever-evolving solution; changing as further empirical research on the issue is undertaken. Moreover the document places a time limit on its validity in order to spur further research on the issue of multicultural practice. In order to ensure its efficacy the APA set up a task force whose sole purpose was to look into the implementation of the guidelines with a view to providing proper feedback by identifying pertinent implementation and infusion recommendations. The task force produced a report on the infusion of the paradigm shift in service delivery outlining how this should be undertaken; Report of the APA Task Force on the Implementation of the Multicultural Guidelines (APA, 2008). The report split the guidelines into two categories the first being those whose implementation fell unto the practitioners and into this category they placed the first and second guidelines. The rest were in the category of those whose implementation required facilitation by the APA both in terms of administrative structures and funding; for example the APA was tasked with establishing an Office of Diversity Enhancement and hiring a Chief Diversity Officer to run it. The Office’s purpose is ensuring that there is diversity across the organization which helps with the ethical provision of services across multicultural diversity. Conclusion Having gone through the Code of Conduct, the pursuant Guidelines and the Implementation Report there is no evidence of cultural bias and encapsulation; rather there is incontrovertible evidence of contrived and concerted efforts to address the bias existent in the profession and its philosophy. References American Psychological Association. (1990). Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from www. apa. org/pi/oema/guide. html American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073. Retrieved from www. apa. org/ethics. code. html American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377-402. (See www. apa. org/pi/multiculturalguidelines/homepage. html) American Psychological Association. (2008). Report of the Task Force on the Implementation of the Multicultural Guidelines. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/pi/ How to cite The Apa Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct, Papers

Doing Your Homework free essay sample

You should do your own homework. Copying someone else is illegal, and you can get a failing grade or even be kicked out of school. If you cheat on your job, you can be fired or arrested and put into jail; the government will certainly find you if you cheat on your taxes! Copying someone elses homework also means that you never learn how to do that work for yourself, so when you need the information later (lets say the teacher actually gives you a test on it where you cant copy! ) then you dont know how to do it and you get another bad grade. Also, if you dont do your homework, you never learn how to discipline yourself to do unpleasant things, and when you grow up you will always have trouble making yourself do things like your job, paying your bills, and saving money. We will write a custom essay sample on Doing Your Homework or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In short, doing your own homework is the best way to go! ?You should do your own homework. Copying someone else is illegal, and you can get a failing grade or even be kicked out of school. If you cheat on your job, you can be fired or arrested and put into jail; the government will certainly find you if you cheat on your taxes! Copying someone elses homework also means that you never learn how to do that work for yourself, so when you need the information later (lets say the teacher actually gives you a test on it where you cant copy! ) then you dont know how to do it and you get another bad grade. Also, if you dont do your homework, you never learn how to discipline yourself to do unpleasant things, and when you grow up you will always have trouble making yourself do things like your job, paying your bills, and saving money. In short, doing your own homework is the best way to go! ?You should do your own homework. Copying someone else is illegal, and you can get a failing grade or even be kicked out of school. If you cheat on your job, you can be fired or arrested and put into jail; the government will certainly find you if you cheat on your taxes! Copying someone elses homework also means that you never learn how to do that work for yourself, so when you need the information later (lets say the teacher actually gives you a test on it where you cant copy! Then you dont know how to do it and you get another bad grade. Also, if you dont do your homework, you never learn how to discipline yourself to do unpleasant things, and when you grow up you will always have trouble making yourself do things like your job, paying your bills, and saving money. In short, doing your own homework is the best way to go! ?You should do your own homework.

Product Placement in Movies as a Marketing Tool free essay sample

Product placement in movies as a marketing tool has many advantages 1. Introduction Since the invention of personal video recorder (PVR) such as TiVo which enable consumers to zip and zap 30 seconds commercials on TV, the effectiveness of traditional advertisements has fallen. Advertisers now realise that they need to find more effective ways to expose their message to the consumers. Recently, the phenomenon of product placement has become popular among the marketers and advertisement agencies. They have come to recognize that the consumer is more likely to accept product placement in movies compared to traditional advertisements. Therefore, there is no doubt that product placement has a huge probability of success as a marketing tool, as a substitute for the ineffective traditional advertising. Although some people argue that product placement has many negative effects on the consumer such as endorsement of tobacco and alcohol shown in the movie, there is strong evidence that product placement carries a big benefits such as increasing of sales of products and services, enlarging brand awareness of the products or services and attracting audience’s attention. This essay will argue that product placement as a marketing tool has many advantages which indeed outweigh the drawbacks. Product placement is defined as an introduction of the products or services to the consumer by using television and cinema as the media (Nebenzahl Secunder, cited in Drennan and McDonnell, 2005). Also, Gupta Gould (cited in Drennan and McDonnell, 2005) define product placement in more detail as â€Å"incorporating brands in movies in return for money or for some promotional or other consideration†. In the recently released Hollywood movie Iron Man 2, it is clear that the product placement is being used when Tony Stark drives an Audi R8 Spyder car. In the movie the Devil Wears Prada many products are placed prominently such as Mercedes Benz cars, Prada bags, Starbucks, Clinique, Calvin Klein etc. The exposure of products in these movies lead to an increased popularity of these brands among consumers. 2. Body First and foremost, research finds that product placement leads to an increase in the purchase intention of consumers (Gould, Gupta and Grabner-krauter, cited in Wiles and Danielova, 2009). Likewise, Gupta, Balasubramanian and Klassen also point out that purchase intention is affected positively by placing products (2000). Take Riece’s Piece chocolate for example, after being exposed in ET, sales of the chocolate has been increased rapidly by about 60% (Newell, Salmon, and Chang, cited in Gregorio and Sung, 2010). Similarly, the movie The Italian Job, which promoted the Mini Cooper car, successfully attracted many new consumers. Nielsen media research has conducted a survey about relationship between product placement and purchase intent by asking 10. 45 people who watched 50 programs that comprised of 199 brands. The survey found that consumer’s willingness to purchase the product rose by approximately 38 % compared with traditional advertising only increased nearly 36 %. According to a 2006 survey by Nielsen media research, the purchase interest of consumer with product placement has rocketed to about 145 % as shown in table 1. For this reason, it is pro bably true that product placement is more useful than traditional advertising in influencing consumers to buy certain products. Table 1 Another advantage of product placement involves the ability to get audience attention (D’Astous and Chartier, 2000). Particularly, the use of endorsed advertisement by brand ambassadors is able to draw audience attention effectively. There is a certain possibility that a huge influence can be obtained when consumers readily notice their admired movie artists using the product. In addition, audiences are more likely inspired by popular stars; for these reasons, they feel more enthusiastic to posses the product that has been exposed in the movie. For example, Apple Computer Company was struggling with declining sales over the years due to financial crisis. Apple Computer Company focused their efforts at increasing sales and developing a positive attitude towards their products in their consumers minds. They used the popular actor Tom Cruise to promote the Apple notebook in the movie Mission Impossible; as a result, the sales of notebooks grew gradually. Meanwhile, a large number of moviegoers can be enticed by careful product placements in popular movies such as Sex and the City and Iron Man2. Audiences will pay a great attention when watching their favorite movies; they will be aware of the product placement in the movie and then this will lead to an increase in the purchase intent of the consumer. Furthermore, research points out that an increase in brand awareness is brought about by product placement (D’Astous Chartier, 2000:31). Similarly, Walt, Nunes and Stroebel argue that â€Å"simple exposure of a product in a film may enhance brand awareness† (2008:114). Brand awareness is successful when consumers recognize the name of the product and then decide to buy and consume the brands. For example, as can be seen from table 1, more than three-quarters participants recognized the appearance of Starbucks coffee in the movie Shrek 2, in the following 65 % correspondents are aware of McDonald’s as a restaurant which has been exposed in Coming to America. However, just below half percent for the others brands respondents noticed the products that were shown in the Tree Movie Clip; probably as a result of those brands being exposed rarely. Hence, it may be true that when products are exposed to consumers frequently, it will increase brand awareness. Table 2 Recognition of the audiences to product placement in movie Frequency Percent McDonald’s 137 64. 9 McDowell’s 67 31. 8 Other/No Answer 7 3. 3 Total 211 100. 0 Starbucks 160 75. 8 Farbucks 47 22. 3 Other/No Answer 4 1. 9 Total 211 100. 0 Sony 87 41. 2 Suny 29 13. 7 Other/No Answer 95 45. 1 Total 211 100. 0 Oster 33 15. 6 Foster 133 63. 0 Other/No Answer 45 21. 4 Total 211 100. 0 Source: (Anderson, 2006) In comparison, unlike traditional advertising where the research found that over 70 % of the moviegoers avoided watching commercials on TV by switching the channel (Stumpel and Levi, cited in Blonde and Roozen, 2007), consumers’ option to avoid advertisements is disabled through product placement. In other words, it is impossible for consumer to avoid the advertising without leaving the movie. In addition, the advertisement costs of product placement could be less than a 30 seconds TV commercial (Jaffe, cited in Lehu and Bressoud, 2008) because advertisers share production movie costs such as marketing and promotional costs with Entertainment Company. In a 30 second TV commercial, a company should cover the whole cost of the advertisement by itself which is in a way more expensive than product placement. The survey further indicates that there are 23 % increase (from $1. 35 in 2003 million to 1. 67 million in 2007) in the average cost of 30 second commercial (Nielsen) On the other hand, according to the literature on media violence consumers tend to dislike products that are placed in movies with excessive violence (Bushman 2005). Such negative feelings might affect the worth of product placement (McCracken, cited in Wiles and Danielova, 2009). Moreover, opponents also state that exposing violent in film resulted in lower purchase intensions (Bushman, 2005). Some studies also argue that consumers are overwhelmed by the many advertisements in movies; they expect films to be free from commercial convincing (Wiles and Danielova, 2009). Therefore, they will respond unenthusiastically during the period of the movie when the product is shown. As a consequence, the reputation of the product that it is placed in movies might be damaged and result in negative perception among consumers. In spite of the criticism product placement has many benefits as a marketing tool, there are several reasons why advertisers still prefer product placement. Firstly, there is no strong evidence showed that placing products in violent movie lead to a decrease in consumers’ purchase. As it can seen, introducing the motorcycle manufacture Ducati that has been placed in the violent movie Blade II which still can obtain positive results and raise the sales of this product. Similar thing also occured in the movie Sideways in which Pinot succeeded in boosting sales of the products. Furthermore, the role of endorsed advertisement can offset the pessimistic respond from consumers who have seen product in another violent movie; that is, the credibility of the actor who use product is more likely to affect consumer perceptions positively even if the product has been replaced in the wrong movie.

Lawyers School And Salaries Essays - Legal Professions, Lawyer

Lawyers School And Salaries I am entering Georgia Tech as an international affairs major. I hope to enter law school after I graduate and pursue a career in international law. A long term goal of mine is to become a state or federal judge after having experience as a lawyer. Other fields of law that I find interesting are environmental, civil, probate and elder law. I interviewed a lawyer concentrated in the field of civil law. Mr. Douglas Noonan grew up in Louisville, Kentucky and attended the University of Kentucky where he majored in English. Because of his excellent grades and LSAC score he was then accepted to the University of Kentucky Law School. Both Mr. Noonan and I share some common interests: history, politics, foreign languages and English. He also informed me how the practice of law involves a lot of responsibility and time commitment. Often, he works over fifty hours a week in order to analyze new and complex cases. One of my major worries is in the difficulty of raising a family and having such a time consuming job. I would like to have a family with children without having to send them to daycare. Mr. Noonan agreed with me in that it is a big challenge but the respect and confidence that go along with the job are worth it. There is a lot of training required to become a lawyer. Educational requirements are four years in college, three years in law school and completion of the BAR examination. For admission to law school you must also take the LSAC (Law School Admissions Council). It is one of several factors used in assessing students. Mr. Noon agreed the BAR examination was one of the hardest parts in becoming a lawyer. However, to practice law a person must be licensed and admitted to the BAR Association. Competition is fierce to get into law school but there are many schools. Requirements include work in history, English, political science and foreign language. Transcripts, scores from the LSAC, letters of recommendation, personality, leadership qualities and extracurricular activities in college are all evaluated. Even though money is not a reason to choose a career, a lawyer's salary can be fairly high. Even though there is extreme competition for jobs there also will be a continuing demand. The average salary of a practicing lawyer is around $78,170. However, Mr. Noonan earns way above this figure. This is because he has his own practice located in Roswell, Georgia. The highest paid lawyers work for typical legal services firms or for the federal government. It can take a while for increase in salary since the median salary of a lawyer six months after graduation from law school is only $45,000. Salary also varies greatly from practice to where the lawyer works geographically. Mr. Noonan educated me on how there are many different types of lawyers. Lawyers act as advocates by either representing their clients or presenting evidence in trial or by counseling their client concerning legal rights. The career of a lawyer is also high specialized. Mr. Noonan informed me many lawyers spend most of their time outside the courtroom, while others do not. In order to pursue my goal to become a judge he recommended I specialize in trial work to become familiar with the courtroom. I can move on from there to become a judge. Because judges apply the law, their decisions often affect the daily lives of many people. They often have to make life changing decisions as when deciding the guilt or innocence of a criminal. However, almost all judges work just as a lawyer before being appointed as a judge. I also might possibly want to become employed as a lawyer for the government. Lawyers who work for the state or federal government play a key role in the criminal justice sys tem. Law is the most appealing area of work for me. I want to become a lawyer or judge and will be happy to reach this goal. I hope my grades and LSAC score will permit me to take the next steps in becoming a lawyer. By interviewing Mr. Noonan, I was able to realize this is the best career path for me. Bibliography none Movies and

Sea Lion free essay sample

Inhabitants on the islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, the Galapagos Sea Lion is an intriguing marine mammal whose looks may deceive you because despite its amiable countenance it is truly a fierce predator and protector. The Galapagos Sea Lion, also known as the Pagos Sea Lion, spends a great majority of its day in the water hunting for prey, however it does not venture out very far from its territory due to the fact that their main predators tend to be there. Their prey is primarily fish, squid, octopus, and crustaceans, and predators are sharks and killer whales, but humans re not a threat now. Pursuing this further, humans were a prodigious threat previously when sea lions of all kinds were hunted for meat, skin, and oil. Luckily, though hunting of this species and many others have been banned and their numbers are recovered. Interestingly enough, they are completely unafraid of man though and have gotten on motor boats, Jetties, and approach divers without a single ounce of fear! Also, bulls (males) always dominate a territory for approximately a month before being taken over by a different bull and in between that time defend it to the best of their ability. We will write a custom essay sample on Sea Lion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike many other sea lion species, the breeding season doesnt depend on migration, and therefore varies from year to year. When a cow (female) gives live birth, she only gives it to a single pup and after is extremely protective and careful that nothing bad happens to their child. Lastly, bulls weight range from 200-400 kilograms, have brown skin color, and length is 200-250 centimeters. Cows though are only 50-110 kilograms, have tan skin color, and length is 150-200 centimeters. That aside they are both provided with powerful fins and can control the back fins freely which gives agility on their sandy or rocky flat beaches.

Free Essays on Back Allies

Jacob Riis (â€Å"The Downtown Back Allies†) The â€Å"down town back allies† depicts how the lower class of New Yorker’s lived. Riis writes of disgusting, dilapidated conditions of tenement housings. Families are packed into small windowless rooms where they are forced to live due to insufficient funds. People had more trust in one other in those times. They would keep their apartment doors open for air. Because of this neighbors developed a closer relationship. The buildings these people lived in were run down for various reasons. Tenants did not have much money to fix their houses up and landlords cared more about their wallets than people. There were often fires and hazardous conditions in these buildings. Both the tenants and the people were to blame for these things because neither did much to better their situations. These buildings were specifically built for poor people by the rich to make money. Diseases like small pox were rapidly spread in these areas due to poor health conditions. Often, there was no heat or cool air and many suffered from these circumstances until the end of their lives. Many of the tenants were poor immigrants. This populace tended to flock together so, most neighborhoods became ghettos. Conditions like these can be found throughout New York in this day and age. Many tenants and landlords do not pay satisfactory attention to their living quarters. Tenants blame it on landlords and visa versa. One can see these types of conditions in the neighborhood Brighton Beach(Brooklyn,N.Y.). Many of the people who live in this area are immigrants and do not speak English. Due to the language barrier the tenants are ashamed to speak to their landlords. Tenants continue living in their unpleasant ... Free Essays on Back Allies Free Essays on Back Allies Jacob Riis (â€Å"The Downtown Back Allies†) The â€Å"down town back allies† depicts how the lower class of New Yorker’s lived. Riis writes of disgusting, dilapidated conditions of tenement housings. Families are packed into small windowless rooms where they are forced to live due to insufficient funds. People had more trust in one other in those times. They would keep their apartment doors open for air. Because of this neighbors developed a closer relationship. The buildings these people lived in were run down for various reasons. Tenants did not have much money to fix their houses up and landlords cared more about their wallets than people. There were often fires and hazardous conditions in these buildings. Both the tenants and the people were to blame for these things because neither did much to better their situations. These buildings were specifically built for poor people by the rich to make money. Diseases like small pox were rapidly spread in these areas due to poor health conditions. Often, there was no heat or cool air and many suffered from these circumstances until the end of their lives. Many of the tenants were poor immigrants. This populace tended to flock together so, most neighborhoods became ghettos. Conditions like these can be found throughout New York in this day and age. Many tenants and landlords do not pay satisfactory attention to their living quarters. Tenants blame it on landlords and visa versa. One can see these types of conditions in the neighborhood Brighton Beach(Brooklyn,N.Y.). Many of the people who live in this area are immigrants and do not speak English. Due to the language barrier the tenants are ashamed to speak to their landlords. Tenants continue living in their unpleasant ...

Capital punishment misc14 essays

Capital punishment misc14 essays This day in age murderers actions are getting more and more incomprehensive. They are no longer just committing murder: they are torturing, mutilating, and engaging in grossly inappropriate acts against fellow human beings. Behaviors such as this will continue if nothing is done to stop them. The death penalty is a humane way to punish the convicted and deter these gruesome acts. Early as 1930, we can find the first recorded execution. Between the times of 1930 to 1967 there was a recorded number of 3,859 people executed. The following nine years would bring victory for those against capital punishment, there was no executions done in this time frame. Gregg vs. Georgia, Supreme Court of 1976 made a ruling that the death penalty does not violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment. The death penalty has been accepted by thirty-nine states of America (Newton, 1983). One of the basics in understanding capital punishment is the methods of which are used. Which will be the first of things I will be presenting. I will be showing how selections of death row are made. The last of subject matters that I will be touching on are the problems with the process of capital punishment and a possible more effective approach. I will also be concluding my findings and ending with a thought of my own. In the United States today, there are five existing methods of execution. These methods are used to kill convicted criminals that have been given the sentence of the death penalty. The different methods are; lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and firing squad shootings. Lethal injection is currently used by thirty-six states in America. It is the most commonly used from of execution in the U.S. The preparation begins outside of the chamber with the use of a gurney. The convict is held to the gurney by wrist and ankle straps. There is then a cardiac monitor and ste...