Forensic Analysis Of Soils Environmental Sciences Essay

Soil is a natural organic structure comprised of solids ( minerals and organic affair ) , liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface, occupies infinite, and is characterized by one or both of the followers: skylines, or beds, that are distinguishable from the initial stuff as a consequence of add-ons, losingss, transportations, and transmutations of energy and affair or the ability to back up frozen workss in a natural environment ( Soil Taxonomy, USDA ) The upper bound of dirt is the boundary between dirt and air, shallow H2O, unrecorded workss, or works stuffs that have non begun to break up. Areas are non considered to hold dirt if the surface is for good covered by H2O excessively deep ( typically more than 2.5 metres ) for the growing of frozen workss. The lower boundary that separates dirt from the nonsoil underneath is most hard to specify ( Soil Taxonomy, USDA ) . Soil consists of skylines near the Earth ‘s surface that, in contrast to the implicit in parent stuff, have been altered by the interactions of clime, alleviation, and populating beings over clip. Normally, dirt classs at its lower boundary to hard stone or to crude stuffs virtually devoid of animate beings, roots, or other Markss of biological activity. For intents of categorization, the lower boundary of dirt is randomly set at 200 centimeter hence the name dirt taxonomy. Forensic analysis of dirts or better known as forensic geology is the survey of grounds in relation to the offense that in demand in the tribunal of jurisprudence in term of minerals, dirt, crude oil and other stuffs found in the Earth. The value that lies in the about limitless figure of sorts of stuffs in dirt is enormous. Large Numberss of measuring and observation can be done to stones, minerals, dirts and related stuffs due to their evidentiary value. For illustration, the figure of atom sizes and distributions of grains combined with colorss, forms and mineralogy are about limitless. These belongingss are identifiable, recognizable, and can be characterized. It is this diverseness in Earth stuffs, combined with the ability to step and observes the different sorts, provides the forensic know aparting power. There have been many parts to this subject of forensic dirt analysis over the last 100 old ages. Many researches have been made by the Laboratory of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in Washington D C. , McCrone Associates in Chicago, The Centre for Forensic Sciences in Toronto, Microtrace in Elgin, Illinois, the former Central Research Establishment at Aldermaston, Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd in Great Britain, The Nipponese National Research Institute of Police Science, The Netherlands Forensic Institute-naming among few of celebrated dirt forensic research labs in the universe. Because much of the evidentiary value of earth stuffs lies in the diverseness and the differences in the minerals and atoms of dirt, microscopic scrutiny at all degrees of instrumentality is the most powerful tool. In add-on, such scrutiny provides an chance to seek for semisynthetic artifact grains and other sorts of physical grounds.1.2 Objective of surveyThe survey is anterior to these intents: I ) To understand the taxonomy of the local dirts. Soil taxonomy is a method is soil categorization based on its composing as the cardinal characteristic. two ) To place the factors or dirt belongingss that can impact the decomposition rate. three ) To detect, step and bespeak how the factors that has been identified, can impact the decomposition rate.Significant of surveyDiverseness in soils chemical and physical belongingss lead to delinearity of decomposition rate. The fact impacting the rate of organic affair decomposition- which is the involvement of this survey, in different dirt types will be studied. Soils every bit diverse as it is incorporating a batch of bing bugs, biological being and chemical composing which is alone to each type of it, that involve in decomposition procedure ( Patrick et al. , 1993 ) . Understanding the soils assortment can assist to understand the function it plays in decomposition procedure and aid in construing the clip interval of decease of dead organic structure in offense instances. Due to the difference in dirt belongingss which can give rise to different rate of decomposition, and by understanding the relation, construing the decease interval at more accurate clip scope can be endo rsed.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWDirt AnalysisDirts may represent grounds that connects a individual or object to a peculiar location. The value of dirt stems from its ubiquitousness and transferability to objects or individuals. Due to the complexness of dirt, the analysis of its inorganic and organic constituents can supply complementary and independent types of information about its geological beginning, dominant flora, direction and environment. An overview of a scope of dirt word picture methods including chemical analysis, mineralogy and palynology, along with new attacks such as Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling ( Reza et al.,2010 ) and profiling of other digital informations such as that obtained from X-ray pulverization diffraction, infrared spectrometry ( Gavaraglia, 2000 ; R.Linker et al. , 2009 ) and organic marker analysis were reviewed extensively recently for its value in forensic probe. Decomposition in tellurian ecosystem are determined by a set of habitues factors which regulate microbic activity at diminishing graduated table of clip and infinite in the order of: climate-clay mineralogy, alimentary position of the soil-quality of break uping resources and consequence of micro-organisms ( i.e. , roots and invertebrates ) ( Patrick, et al.,1993 ) . In humid state as Malaysia due to propinquity Waterss with mean temperature at 20-30 & A ; deg ; C, decomposition can be altered henceforth the appraisal of the clip of decease. It is good understood that temperature can hold important consequence on the decomposition of corpse due to metamorphosis of bugs and dirt chemical reaction ( Paul et al. , 1996 ) . Furthermore, varsities in dirts type give rise to different set of bacterial ecology in the dirt environment. Dirt with an active microbic population may hold the capacity to break up organic affair more rapidly ( Fiedler and Graw 2003 ) and dirts exposed to corpses ( or potentially merely fertilization with NH4 ) antecedently, may hold a community of bacteriums and Fungis adapted to cadaver decomposition ( Carter and Tibbett 2008 ) . This extrinsic factor aside from burial deepness of corpse and insect entree modulate the common relationship of macro-microorganism finally the rates and tracts of decomposition ( Kenneth et al. , 2005 ) . Physical texture, whether the dirt is flaxen, silty or clayey can deeply impact the rate of decomposition by restricting the motion of gasses and H2O to and from the site of biodegradation and O2 demand and waste gas coevals ( i.e. the corpse ) . On the other manus, the sourness, alkalinity, foods and degree of taint of a dirt may impact decomposition rates deeply ( Tamsin et al. , 2009 ) .2.2 Forensic value of dirtComparison of dirt physical has helped to work out many offense instances. The comparing based on dirt atom, colour, and composing of clay, sand and many more has aid justness to be served. Current analytical methods allow forensic scientists to either concludes that the grounds did non portion a common beginning with a criterion or that the two dirt types are similar i n all analytical respects and can non be excluded ( Cox et al.,2000 ) . However, decomposition of dead body-cadaver every bit far as this survey concerned has ill understood. This is the country of forensic taphonomy which aims to supply information relevant to the tribunals in instances where corpses have been allowed to break up. The surveies of the effects of the local dirt composing towards decomposition procedure were non many reviewed although has been extensively reviewed in many abroad literatures. Post mortem interval ( PMI ) is the clip elapses since a individual has died. Determination of PMI normally done by the diagnostician by looking at several common factors such as algor mortis, asperity mortis, vitreous temper, self-digestion and forensic bugology. Harmonizing to Jaggers et al. , dirt wet has a important impact on type, rate and the extent of organic structure debasement which finally affects appraisals of PMI. The influence of wet on decomposition in dirt is by and large due to its consequence on dirt microbic activity, as micro-organisms are the primary decomposers in dirts ( David, et al.,2010 ) . Alteration of dirt composing can besides change the appraisal of PMI.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 Soil SampleThe dirt samples for this survey will be taken in the country of Skudai, Johor. The distinction of each sample will be characterized via United States of America Soil Taxonomy. The selected dirts are Brown Sodosol which has loamy sand texture, Rudosol that has sandy tex ture and Grey Vertisol that has medium clay texture ( David et al. , 2010 ) . Pre-treatment of the dirt will be performed consequently to the Method for Soil Analysis, USDA revised version 2006.3.2 CadaverJuvenile rat ( Rattus Rattus ) corpses ( 18g wet weight ) aged 8-10 yearss were used as organic resource spots. Rats were killed with C dioxide instantly anterior to burial ( David et al.,2008 ) .3.3 Experimental DesignThe dirt samples will be sieved to a similar particulate size. The weight of each dirt samples will be changeless at 500g after incubation at 22 & A ; deg ; C ( Carter et al. , 2008 ) . The measuring of corpse decomposition will be done harmonizing to cadaver mass loss ( Carter et al. , 2008 ) , dirt pH ( Veronique. , 2006 ) , microbic biomass C ( Anderson and Domsch. , 1978 ) , and enzyme activity ( Ladd and Butler, 1972 ) .3.3.1 Cadaver Mass LossUpon disinterment, corpses will be instantly frozen ( -20 & A ; deg ; C ) . Once frozen the corpses were rinsed with dist illed H2O to take any extra dirt, dried with a paper towel and weighed.3.3.2 Soil pHThe pH of the dirt will potentiometrically measured in the supernatant suspension of a 1:5 dirt: liquid ( v/v ) mixture. This liquid is a 0.01 mol/l solution of Ca chloride in H2O pH-CaCl2 or H2O pH-H2O. A representative sample ( at least a volume of 5 milliliter ) of the air-dried dirt ( fraction & A ; lt ; 2 millimeter ) will be taken. The trial sample will be placed in the sample bottle and Ca chloride solution ( pH-CaCl2 ) or H2O ( pH-H2O ) will be added five times of the trial sample ‘s volume. The suspension will be shook and assorted smartly for 5 proceedingss before Lashkar-e-Taiba to be stabled for 2 hr. The measuring of suspension ‘s temperature will be taken and ensured non to be distinguishing more than 1 & A ; deg ; C from the pH metre buffer solution. ( Veronique, 2006 ) .3.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Evolution30 ml phial ( Crown Scientific, Newstead, Queensland, Australia ; Product no. 735 ) ( CO2 trap ) will be filled with 20 milliliters sodium hydrated oxide ( NaOH ) ( 0.465 M ) and suspended above the dirt surface inside incubation Chamberss designated for dirt sampling after 28 yearss. The incubation chamber will so be sealed. CO2 traps and the air in the incubation chamber headspace demand to be replaced every 24 hr. Upon remotion from the incubation chamber the electrical conduction of the NaOH solution inside the CO2 trap will be measured utilizing a Metrohm 660 Conductometer ( Herisau, Switzerland ) ( Rodella. , 1999 )3.3.4 Microbial Biomass CarbonMicrobial biomass C can be estimated within 1 hr of crop utilizing the substrate-induced respiration ( SIR ) technique ( Anderson and Domsch, 1978 ) with some alterations ( Lin and Brookes, 1999 ) . Soil ( 5 g dry weight ) will be weighed into 30 ml McCartney bottles and amended with glucose solution ( 6 mg/ g dirt ) in order to graduate them to 95 % water-holding capacity. Following the amendment on the gluc ose solution, a 6 milliliter vial incorporating 5 ml NaOH ( 0.1 M ) ( CO2 trap ) will be placed on the dirt surface and the McCartney bottle was instantly sealed. Samples will so incubate in the dark at 22 & A ; deg ; C for 3 or 4 hours based on preliminary experiments. After the incubation period CO2 traps were so removed and sealed. The NaOH solution from the CO2 traps was backtitrated with HCl ( 0.1 M ) into 5 milliliters BaCl2 ( 1.0 M ) and 3 beads phenolphthalein as index ( Rowell, 1994 and Davie et al. , ) . Microbial biomass C was so calculated as in Anderson and Domsch, 1978.3.3.5 Enzym ActivityThe activity of casein-hydrolysing peptidase and phosphodiesterase ( orthophosphodiester phosphohydrolase: EC 3.1.4.1 ) will be assayed. Proteolytic hydrolysis of casein will be measured as describe in item in Ladd and Butler ( 1972 ) . The procedural involved the use of protein and dipeptide substrate in the absence of added bacteriostatic agents. The rate of substrate hydrolysis was relative to the dirt concentration ; the release of amino compounds per unit weight of dirt was straight related to the incubation clip.Chapter 4EXPECTEDEXPECTED RESULT4.1 Soil SampleJohor encompass about 27 % of overall peat dirt distribution in Malaysia ( Soil Map Malaysia, 2004 ) . This survey expects to detect major peat dirt characteristic during physical and chemical word picture of dirt samples taken around this province country. Though, the major country are covered with peat dirts, organic dirt The discrepancy in dirt belongingss which will be expected to be discovered are in term of dirt pH, bulk denseness, H2O conduction, bleeding ability, colorss and entire organic content.4.2 Experimental ConsequenceDecomposition rate in gathered sample dirts are expected to will be different. Dirts with low pH value and low H2O conduction proposely will anticipate to give high rate of decomposition. Dirt with high sand, clay and silt composing nevertheless, is predictedtoexpected to g ive low rate of decomposition due to high aeration and high H2O conduction. The relation in between factors involve in decomposition among the dirts will be made through similar form revealed during the survey.4.3 DecisionThe survey hopes to accomplish all of its aims. The taxonomy of locally collected dirt sample will be understood through detailedthorough survey and categorization. The factors involve in decomposition and the belongingss soil factors that are giving impact in the procedure will be besides identified. Understanding the alone feature of dirt will assist in understanding the nature manner in distinguishing the rhythm of decomposition of organic stuff which. It is beyond what a the bare oculus can see. Knowledge associating the nature cycling of organic affair and pathology finding of clip of decease in lab will assist forensic scientist articulating the right of a casualty in a more self-asserting manner.

In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964?

?In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely effected by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was only just coming to an end and also social life in Britain felt like it was in the past.However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the â€Å"baby boom† were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in attitudes and significant shifts i population which can identify how Britain’s society had changed dramatically.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a â€Å"demographic change† . Birth rates ran consistently against d eath rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in medical treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare state this then led to an increase standard of nutrition and hygiene.Another factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the increase of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain from the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had become a vital part of British society, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it eventually led to overpopulation, and immigration caused racial tension and segregation for example the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the â€Å"mother land† to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension between the immigrants and the British, the tension was more apparent as the lack of housing became a problem as did the competition for jobs. The increase of immigrants led to less scopes for jobs as did the fact people were living longer due to the up and running free service of the NHS which many felt immigrants didn’t deserve. Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them .Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example shop keepers put a sign up saying what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence trick to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of schooling.However this also increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrim ination was very common, it became easier to recognise people’s origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government weren’t prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain feeling very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed racist country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the time and how post war prosperity wasn’t the only thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the other hand there was also a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was appealing to British citizens as it had many jobs and a good amo unt of housing available.Affluence began to become more apparent in every class, which meant people were becoming a lot wealthier due to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even schooling due to people having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately what class you belonged to and what your origins and social background was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the schooling system.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social problem due to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a better education by their parents as they wanted to avoid the social shame. The technical and grammar schools only took the most capable students which left the working class children with very basic education as they couldn’t afford any private tuition and often weren’t capable at the age of 11 to enter the grammar s chools although after a few years they were ready to undergo more strenuous studying but by this time it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class feeling discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Oxford and found himself in the prime ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish people’s class and social background from their dress sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Post war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in attitude and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into better jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government t here wasn’t any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the Education Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on society that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout various films such as ‘Saturday night’ and ‘Sunday Morning’, big hit in the 1960’s, it portrayed the alienation of young working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films portrayed the racial tension, for example the theme of the film Sapphire (1959).The media opened the way for a more individualist and less conformist society, for example the Profumo affair– the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the younger generation, becoming less willing to follow the lead set by the British ‘establishmentâ₠¬â„¢. The newspapers also influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new â€Å"trend† groups like the Teddy Boys.Due to the more rebellious attitudes there was a sharp increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal attitude obtained by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of music to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked violence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgess’s 1962 novel, ‘A Clockwork orange’.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in terms of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominanc e from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasn’t just post war prosperity that brought social change to Britain. In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely effected by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was only just coming to an end and also social life in Britain felt like it was in the past.However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the â€Å"baby boom† were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in attitudes and significant shifts i population which can identify how Britain’s society had changed dramatically.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a â€Å"demographic change† . Birth rates ran consistently against de ath rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in medical treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare state this then led to an increase standard of nutrition and hygiene.Another factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the increase of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain from the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had become a vital part of British society, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it eventually led to overpopulation, and immigration caused racial tension and segregation for example the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the â€Å"mother land† to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension between the immigrants and the British, the tension was more apparent as the lack of housing became a problem as did the competition for jobs. The increase of immigrants led to less scopes for jobs as did the fact people were living longer due to the up and running free service of the NHS which many felt immigrants didn’t deserve. Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them.Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example shop keepers put a sign up saying what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence trick to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of schooling.However this also increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrimin ation was very common, it became easier to recognise people’s origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government weren’t prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain feeling very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed racist country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the time and how post war prosperity wasn’t the only thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the other hand there was also a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was appealing to British citizens as it had many jobs and a good amoun t of housing available.Affluence began to become more apparent in every class, which meant people were becoming a lot wealthier due to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even schooling due to people having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately what class you belonged to and what your origins and social background was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the schooling system.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social problem due to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a better education by their parents as they wanted to avoid the social shame. The technical and grammar schools only took the most capable students which left the working class children with very basic education as they couldn’t afford any private tuition and often weren’t capable at the age of 11 to enter the grammar sch ools although after a few years they were ready to undergo more strenuous studying but by this time it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class feeling discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Oxford and found himself in the prime ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish people’s class and social background from their dress sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Post war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in attitude and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into better jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government the re wasn’t any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the Education Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on society that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout various films such as ‘Saturday night’ and ‘Sunday Morning’, big hit in the 1960’s, it portrayed the alienation of young working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films portrayed the racial tension, for example the theme of the film Sapphire (1959).The media opened the way for a more individualist and less conformist society, for example the Profumo affair– the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the younger generation, becoming less willing to follow the lead set by the British ‘establishmentâ€⠄¢. The newspapers also influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new â€Å"trend† groups like the Teddy Boys.Due to the more rebellious attitudes there was a sharp increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal attitude obtained by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of music to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked violence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgess’s 1962 novel, ‘A Clockwork orange’.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in terms of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominance from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasn’t just post war prosperity that brought social change to Britain.

Leadership: Theory, application, skill development Essay

Over the past one year, the concept and skills that I have been able to learn is that of leadership. Leadership is an important aspect of life because in every situation in life, there is a form of leadership, although minor in some case that is observed. It is often experienced in homes, schools, businesses, organizations, and even governments among other areas in life. Although as an individual I have never been involved in any form of leadership, I believe that leadership plays a very important role in the existences of human beings in the world since through leadership, people are able to know what to do, at what time, how to do it, and what results to achieve in the long run. It was my belief that leadership is meant for the male gender and the females were not suitable for any leadership positions, be it political leadership, at homes, schools or any other place in life. There has been stereotyping in the society that women cannot hold leadership positions except for men (Steinberg, 2008). However, one Sadhana Smiles, who is a chief executive officer of Harcourts Victoria, a real estate group, disapproves this notion that men are the only people who can take top leadership positions. She however, says that a lot of women are rarely considered for roles in leadership since men prefer to deal with their fellow men and are more comfortable in transacting business with other men more than with women. At first, I knew that there is no difference in leadership. For me, anybody who gave commands and issued instructions was a leader. I was wrong. During the year, I read about different types of leadership styles and did my research through observation in several organizations, one being our school as well as my church. I discovered that the frequently applied leadership styles in many organizations across the globe include transformational leadership and the transactional form of leadership (Kippenberger, 2002). Under the transformational leadership I learned that the leaders get an opportunity to give inspiration to the employees, so that the employees can perform beyond their normal duties. I also learned that leaders are people who are capable of performing the functions of showing direction, aligning, influencing, motivating and inspiring of the people they lead. On the other hand manager is simply someone who is capable of planning, budgeting, organizing and allocating resources and can control and resolve problems easily. In addition, leadership can be explained by use of many theories such as the traits theory, behavioural theory, and the contingency or situational theory which include theories such as the path-goal theory (Lussier, & Achua, 2010). Therefore, with the considerations of the above aspects and example on leadership, I realised that leadership is a very important at all levels in an organisation, and within the society. In addition, I realised that in leadership, what can work in one context may not be applicable in another. Culture is also another issue that I got to understand plays a great role in application of the theories of leadership. It is therefore, recommendable that women should be given equal chances in leadership as men without any form of discrimination, something that I really support since women can perform just like men or even better. References Kippenberger, T. (2002). Leadership Styles. Chichester: Capstone Pub. Lussier, R. N., & Achua, C. F. (2010). Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Australia: SouthWestern/Cengage Learning. Steinberg, B. S. (2008). Women in power: The personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Source document

Horror Story Essay

It was a wonderful day in southern Spain and Sara and Kevin was out for a walk in the mouintains on their last vacation day. The view was extrodernery, olive plantings turning the otherwise dry land green and small white houses forming tiny villages, everything bathing in the strong Andalusian sunlight. As they walked upon an old path with a high cliff on the left-hand-side they passed a yellow sign with some text and the cliff painted in black, but since neither of them spoke Spanish they thought nothing of it. They walked on by and enjoyed each others companies very much, holding hands and talking about their holiday. Suddenly Sara stopped and claimed that she heard a noice of a rock falling down from the mountain beside them, but Kevin assured her that it was perfectly okay for them to continue their walk, since he was enjoying it so much. Just a second after he spoke those words a loud noise shoke the ground and before they even had time to react, massive rocks were flying down f rom the cliff just beside them. They threw themselves against a big tree next to the path as rocks kept falling down and dust started to fill the air. The horrible moment seemed to last forever†¦.. At last it stopped, and everything turned dead silence. After a few seconds a voice was heard shouting: ‘’Sara , are you okay? Where are you? It was Kevin ofcourse. He was lying under the tree, and seemed to be safe and sound despite the horrible incident. A few seconds went by without an answer from Sara. He started panicing and shouting, even louder and more anxious than before. Then silently, but still, a wage sound was heard. Kevin jumped up from the place he was lying on and started to look around. There, on the path, under a pile of rocks he saw a red thing but he couldn’t distinguish what it was. Coming closer, he saw that Sara was lying there and that the red was from her T-shirt which she wore that day. He quickly grabbed the biggest rock on top and started to push, at first it was all still which made Kevin again to panic. With all his force he pushed once again and now it slowly started to move and finally, after an heroic effort the rock slid off and Sara could get loose. She miraculously was also without any severe injuries and hugged Kevin harder than ever before, and they agreed that they won’t ignore signs they don’t understand ever again.

Health and Social Care L3 Unit 618 Essay

As individuals are all different, they can respond to the same situation differently. In the same way, individuals can view and cope with their mental well-being and mental health differently. Someone with a negative view of their own situation may feel that they are to blame or not accept the consequences of their actions, they may find it difficult to deal with their own mental health and well-being. A positive individual may cope better with factors affecting their mental health and well-being. They may deal with their mental state in a more pragmatic way. 2.There are a range of factors which may influence mental well-being and mental health problems across the life span. These are biological, social and psychological factors. The biological factors include alcohol or drug dependency and long and short term illnesses. The social factors could be family relationships and friendships, unemployment, homelessness or social exclusion. Psychological factors include mental illness such as depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder or learning disabilities. 3.Risk factors and protective factors influence levels of resilience in individuals and groups in relation to mental well-being and mental health. Risk factors include inequalities and poor quality social relationships. If an individual experiences inequalities they could be restricted in the help and support they receive to recover or cope with a mental illness. Read more: Essay About  Mental Well-being and Mental Health If they have poor social relationships, they may lack the support they need to mentally recover as they have no one to turn to. Protective factors include socially valued roles, social support and contact. With the right social support and adequate contact, an individual can assess help and support to recover from a mental illness. They will be given more resources and a strong support network. With a socially valued role their resilience to mental health problems may be stronger as being socially valued could increase their self esteem. Socially valued roles and support should mean groups or communities are equipped to cope with mental health issues. Outcome 2 1.An individual can take steps to promote their mental well-being and mental health. These steps could be social connections, being active, learning and developing themselves, social involvement and self awareness. Connecting  with other people and developing relationships are important for an individual’s mental well-being. Staying active can help maintain a positive mental state. Learning new skills can create a sense of achievement and improve self esteem. Involvement in the local community or other social groups can develop strong social inclusion encouraging mental well-being. Being aware of own feelings and emotional state means an individual can maintain their mental well-being. 2.It is important to support an individual in promoting their mental well-being and mental health. When offering support it is important to be patient, understanding and accepting. Talking to the individual can provide an insight into what they are going through and offering advice based on their current state of mind. Researching different mental health issues and offering resources to the individual can help them to develop new strategies to cope. 3.When supporting an individual to promote their mental well-being and mental health, there are different strategies to use. One strategy could be to involve them in activities such as trips out, arts and crafts or cooking. In participating in activities, the individual can be given a distraction from any mental health issues they may be experiencing. Providing the activity is catered to the individual’s preferences, it may stimulate their mind. A planned activity can offer the individual a positive to look forward to. However, this strategy could have an adverse reaction. The individual may not be interested in the suggested activity. If the activity was planning too far in advance, the individual may change their mind on the planned day. 4.A national strategy for promoting mental well-being and mental health is No Health Without Mental Health. The key aspects of the strategy are six objectives; more people will have better wellbeing and good mental with fewer people developing mental health problems, more people with mental health will recover a quality of life, more people with mental health problems will have a good physical health, improved services will result in fewer people suffering avoidable harm, more people will have a positive experience of care and the public understanding of mental health will improve. 5.The national charity Mind aims to help people experiencing mental health issues to take control of their condition. In providing information and training on a national scale, it should help to promote more positive public views on mental health which should help individuals with  mental health issues to speak openly. Mind delivers training to local and national services to further this public understanding. The charity aims to give individuals experiencing mental health problems the rightful opportunity to live full lives and maintain a role in society. The charity advertises nationally and has shops as well as hospital advertisements and has its own website, but individuals may still find it too difficult to contact them for support. Like other national strategies, it hopes to reduce the stigma attached to mental health conditions, but unfortunately mental health still receives some negative views, therefore some individuals feel too shamed to access the help and support the strategy offers.

In what ways have feminists challenged some of our basic assumptions Essay

In what ways have feminists challenged some of our basic assumptions about the family - Essay Example Women, from time immemorial, suffered political and social oppression in the form of sexism. Women being submissive to the traditional family roles endured pain and troubles in all societies. The awareness of their plight, through the feminist awakening, made women change their attitude towards different family roles. Through the awakening aroused through the feminist movements women of modern days feel that both husband and wife have equal roles in a family. Both husband and wife should go for job, do household chores and take care of children. This is against the traditional assumptions about a family. Traditional family roles left no rights for women to work and earn. Women were confined to houses where they do all household works and take care of children. The traditional role of women is socially constructed. In the traditional structure of family women enjoyed few rights. According to the traditional family structure women had to remain as a shadow of men. Women had no voice in the family. The traditional role of women and the sufferings they underwent is covered in feminist literature works. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman explains the traditional role of women in the family. The protagonist in the novel is the example of the sufferings of women. The novel is the story of repression of women. In the story the husband’s domineering nature has imprisoned the wife into a domestic prison. In this sad story, the narrator the young woman is driven to insanity by her dominating husband. The subjugation that prevailed in the society made women treated as subhuman. They were just considered as vessels of fertility and had the mere privilege of a set of ovaries and a womb. The central character of the novel, the narrator fought for the same cause. The narrator attempts to become a strong individual even though she was being locked in a male dominated world. Her husband John’s dominating nature was the one that was preventing her from become self motivated. Even though the narrator is constructed as immature, we can see that this nature is enforced by the society around her. The narrator is found to be an independent woman who was restricted within the house by her husband. Her life was like that of a butterfly that is trying to get out of the cocoon to show its true colors. We can see the narrator striving, throughout the play, and finally loosing control over her self. She falls into depression and eventually becomes mad. She was submissive to her husband and was enthusiastic and smart. We can say that the narrator was always right in her attitude as this was the best she can be towards her dominating husband. Towards the end of the play however she is not able to control any more and get lost in the pressure. This was the plight of women in the traditional families. The protagonist represents the negatively privileged women of that period. She was found subordinate to her husband John who believed that women are frail and can never make decision of their own. Her house appeared as a prison for her all through these days. She wanted to write; may be she wanted to pour out her depression into words. She was of the belief that more mental and physical activity would solve her problems. She, however, did not get a chance to outpour her feelings. The period in the novel represents the period when women are inferior to men physically, mentally and intellectually. The cultural, racial, religious and other pressures subdued women to a

Individual Report - Fast Food Case Context Essay

Individual Report - Fast Food Case Context - Essay Example The company has planned to expand its business operations, as well as initiated plans in entering the business market of China. Therefore, the company is concerned with minimising its exposure to different sorts of risks, such as political, as well as economic risks among others, that are associated with the expansion of business activities in international market. (citation) This discussion will stress on the analysing of certain significant aspects that would be conducted by the company in order to ascertain, as well as to acquire valuable information. This information are required to be evaluated with the objective of determining valuable decisions that are required to be initiated for performing business operations of the fast food company in an appropriate manner. Moreover, the company is required to utilise varied strategic tools which include SWOT analysis, Porters five forces model as well as Hofstede five dimensional models among others for determining the suitability of the decisions for entering into the business market of China. ... It also enabled effective flow of investments in the international market due to enhanced deregulation as well as communication among dissimilar countries (European Commission, 2004). The fast food company in the UK is required to adopt globalisation procedure with the motive of expanding its business operations as well as sustain enhanced growth in the international business market. The company needs to perform business operations as a fast food company in the business market of China by providing quality products as well as complying with the requirements or the preferences of the customers particularly of China. All these major initiatives would certainly assist the company in acquiring better customer as well as brand loyalty especially in the market segment of China. For instance, McDonald’s has adopted the globalisation process in order to expand its business operations worldwide (Mujtaba & Patel, 2007). The different strategic tools that will assist the fast food compan y in determining the market conditions of China as well as in formulating helpful strategies for performing effectively in the business market of China have been framed hereunder. (citation) SWOT Analysis The company is required to perform a SWOT analysis before entering into the business market of China in order to determine its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities as well as threats (Ferrell & Hartine, 2010). Strengths One of the major strengths of the company is that it possesses several fast-food restaurants in the UK as well as in other nations that ultimately raises its profitability at large. The other strength of the company is that the management team of the company is quite expert as well as skilful that

How might we (best) justify the freedom of speech Term Paper - 1

How might we (best) justify the freedom of speech - Term Paper Example This raises questions over the restraint of freedom of speech in protection beyond the minimal principle of liberty. In my own opinion, there exists no single justification that would be sufficient to justify freedom of speech. In this regard, therefore, I would advocate for various justifications based on consequentialist and non-consequentialist approaches. This paper seeks to illustrate various viewpoints to the justification of freedom of speech using the communicative principle (Greenawalt 3-15). The philosophical position of a consequentialist approach contributes to desirable set of circumstances and relies on the association of facts between practice and the expected results of such practice. I agree with the suggestion that the freedom of speech promotes the discovery of truth as put forward by Stuart Mill. Individuals have the capacity to distinguish true ideas from deceitful ideas in reality in the presence of free speech. Thus, people would always demonstration careful understanding in settling for truth. In this case, any claims of value and an understanding by individuals of these claims of value constitute truth. In addition, any sensible idea and level of confidence would make individuals to identify truth and conditions that promote it. By contrast, liberal states object the justification of truth discovery based on an assumption that truth does not exist. In their view, neither truth not its conditions could be identified and if it does, freedom of speech would contradict the existence of various ideas in practicing the discovery of truth (Greenawalt 16-24). Freedom of speech significantly contributes to social stability and the accommodation of competing desires and interests. This usually occurs during the process of learning where individuals discover other people’s desires. Accommodation in free speech creates a balance between conflicting interests using truth in resolving issues of concern such as capital punishment.

THE SCOPE OF AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT IS A THIRD PARTY BOUND BY IT Dissertation

THE SCOPE OF AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT IS A THIRD PARTY BOUND BY IT - Dissertation Example The arbitration agreement or clause is usually attached to a principal contract defining the relationship between the parties. When claims arise on the basis of the main contract, then arbitration is resorted to. There are a system of rights and obligations that come into play that occasionally involve third parties non-signatory to the contract (and consequently the arbitration clause) either as beneficiary or in some other capacity that is intricately connected to the transaction subject of arbitration. A dilemma is created when the need arises to include such third party under the coverage of the arbitration procedure in order to provide complete relief to the signatory parties, as this goes against the consensual nature of the arbitration procedure and the legal principle that only signatories to a contract may be bound by it. The problem is already difficult to address in the context of national law. Where the dispute involves a transaction between parties in different countries , however, then the dilemma becomes more complicated. Arbitration being an informal process, it relies much on broad considerations of case law, customs and traditions, and of course the original intention of the parties which, of itself, may also be interpreted from the viewpoint of tradition. In the case of international commercial disputes, where the only practical recourse is through arbitration, the matter of which laws should govern becomes itself a complication to the adjudication of the original dispute. The intricacies of international public law and conflicts in international private law between the countries confounds the use of customs and traditions and the interpretation of the parties’ original intention; this makes third party inclusion more difficult to determine, and an examination of existing case law bears witness to this. Given different situs of the arbitration proceedings, sometimes conflicting decisions are issued by different arbitration institutions. . This research is essentially a cursory survey of the provisions, doctrines and case law on the matter of the inclusion in arbitration proceedings of third parties who are non-signatories to the arbitration agreement. It aims to articulate the issues that come into play in the matter of international arbitration, when the inclusion or intervention of third parties becomes a necessary consideration. Table of Contents Title Page 1 Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 4 Chapter One: INTRODUCTION 6 Chapter Two: SCOPE OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 9 2.1 Definition of Arbitration Agreement 10 2.2 Parties to an Arbitration Agreement 14 2.2.1 Capacity of the Parties 15 2.2.2 Third Party 16 2.3 Validity of an Arbitration Agreement 17 2.3.1 Writing 17 2.3.2 Defined Legal Relationship 18 2.3.3 Capable of Settlement by Arbitration 19 2.4 Separability 21 Chapter Three: THIRD PARTY AND ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 25 3.1 The Problem 25 3.2 Is It Possible to Joint a Non-Formal Party to the Agreement of Arbi tration 26 3.2.1 Group of Companies Doctrine 27 3.2.2 The Theory of Estoppel 32 3.2.3 The Theory of Alter Ego 40 3.3 Distinction Between Non-Signatory Issue and the Joinder and Consolidation Issues 42 3.4 Is it the Same Terms for Extending an Arbitration Clause to Non-Signatory Companies and States 46 Chapter Four: MULTI

Velocity 2 - Part II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Velocity 2 - Part II - Assignment Example In my opinion, this creates more waste. The reason this is said is that such employees who are neglected rather refuse to add any value to the organization. It is therefore important to identify lack of employee utilization as a major bottleneck within the organization, which is worth addressing for the collective success of the organization (King, 2011). The points you raised are very important and useful for any organization that wants to clearly identify why it is not improving. This is because conflict among management can be a major hindrance that will retard the growth of organizations. As an insight to the situation, I believe that most organizations come to face this bottleneck when there is lack of clear consensus as to who should take leadership affair and manage the organization. Most of the time, everyone wants to be a leader of their own, creating so much conflict of ideas (King, 2011). There is however a way out to dealing with this situation. Instead of everyone seeing themselves as bosses, the company can employ the use of shared responsibility, where specific roles are defined to each person. After this, each person must be given clear demarcations as to where their authority ends. Then more importantly, the roles of the leaders must be joined together with the collective goal of the organization so as to avoid the w aste of leadership resources (Jacob,

Unit 2 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 2 Discussion Board - Essay Example The dynamic pricing strategy of Air Deccan is to use price as a function of demand and supply, wherein the earlier the booking is done the lesser is the price (About Us). To enable this pricing model made use of Information Technology to the full extent by setting up an Internet-based Centralized reservation system that centralized customers reservations through distribution channels through the Internet, call centers or travel agents. This enabled fares to be controlled by a group of computers using linear programming for revenue management. From the time a flight is opened for booking pricing is tracked and changed based on demand. The system uses a fare buckets for a given flight and fares change by the date, day of week and time of day (Sampler, 2006). The price of an air ticket booked early on Air Deccan compares favorably with an upper class rail ticket and is a boon to the more than 300 million middle class segment of society in India, which has happily accepted this means to affordable air travel. This advantage that Air Deccan offered with its dynamic pricing policy has caused a dramatic growth in the use of Air Deccan, whereby within three years since its starting, it has flown more than 5.8 million passengers and garnered a market share of 21.2 percent to become the second largest carrier in the country, pushing the national carrier Indian to third position (Air Deccan overtakes Indian in market share). Air Deccan faces two disadvantages as a result of its dynamic pricing strategy. It is facing threats to its market share from the full-service carriers in the country as well as new low-cost carriers. The full-service are lowering their airfares in the face of threat from Air Deccan and the other low-cost airlines, while the new entrant low-cost airlines are expected to use price as an entry strategy. There is no more flexibility available in pricing strategy of

Choose an interesting topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Choose an interesting topic - Essay Example As Alice is presented a thimble as a ‘gift’, I think back to the many aspects of my life that lacked meaning, purpose, and direction. Wonderland as a whole motivates us to challenge the traditional social order. Chapter 3 is our first glimpse at Alice becoming frustrated with her life and the community around her. Perhaps she is beginning to question the meaning of life. What exactly the author wants us to think about Alice is not entirely clear to me. I do realize, however, that life does have meaning and it is up to us to seek that meaning out. There is so much I want to do with my life. I think Alice had the same thoughts. As she wanders around ‘Wonderland’ participating is meaningless Caucus Races, she was probably questioning what in the world she was doing. Surely she hoped for something bigger than she was experiencing at the moment. It is not that she did not appreciate those around her, including the animals, but she simply wanted and needed more. In a similar manner, I feel it is important to surround myself with people who can help me locate that meaning in life that truly helps me look for a reason to continue in a forward moving

Images of Japan Within and Without Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Images of Japan Within and Without - Term Paper Example It is characterized by rudimentary agriculture and pit dwellings (Walt, 1980). Decorated clay vessels are examples of the oldest surviving world pottery. Japan was also characterized by Neolithic and Mesolithic culture of semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer. Japanese culture has evolved from its origin. This study is aimed at examining the images of Japan within and without. These include Japan and Japanese images in the western world. The primary objective is to determine the kinds of images, and how Japan has been seen by the outside world - western images and western myths. The other area of interest is the nationalism of Japan together with key aspects of change in the country; home and family in Japan’s continuity and transformation. Japan as Seen by the Outside World- Western Images and Myths Japan is seen by the western world as a country of cherry trees and volcanoes. Japan’s icons are cherry blossoms and volcano Fudzijama. This makes Japan to be viewed as a loyal, h onorable and brave country. Samurai traditions demand that profits to Japanese only be second to prestige and honor. The virtues of old warriors were courage, loyalty and endurance, which smoothly translated into managerial skills (Black, 1999). Japan is also an isolated country with great contradictions. It has booming cities in the south, which are beautiful and peaceful (Escola & Rikkinen, 1976). This is an indication that Japanese people are hard working and group oriented. According to Totman (2005), the tradition of Japan has been working together by discussion and agreement. Japanese people are hardworking and highly skilled. Japan is also clean and neat. The garden has little stream, waterfall and small bridges. There are also manicured paths shrubs, rocks and flowers. It therefore, has the image of being very neat and cleans (Clavell, 1998). Japan is also seen as unique and different for many years remaining an unresolved riddle and enigma. Though it is in Asia, it is so we sternized, unlike any other country of Asia. It is uniquely adaptable countries where modernity and traditions are consisting of one continuum (Whitney, 1967). In the entire world, Japanese are known to be polite and courteous people (Clement, 1906). Littlewoods (1996) says that Japan’s idea on western images and myths is that different western countries have different views towards Japan. On the other hand, European images also differ from American images. The west has always been seen as an industrialized, urbanized, capitalist, modernized and highly developed. Its concept is therefore a product of 16th century historical processes as people tend to divide the world into west and non west, Japan’s position becomes confusing. The images are based on old pictures and descriptions. The historical perspective of Japanese images is mainly based on historical notes and books written by authors from the west. Historians have for a long time debated on the seclusion of Japan . Few European works in description of Japan, appeared during the period of seclusion, and were exclusively attached to the Dutch factory. Although there were several information limitations, Kaempfer formed the most popular western image in Japan (Clavell, 1998). The two compilations that were widely read were published in New York and London, two years before the expedition of Perry. Perry’s arrival in Uraga was especially felt because of his decorative fine arts. It was also conspicuous in architecture ceramics, religious studies dance, fashion, interior design, literature and landscape gardening among others. The interest of Americans and European first rose from observable images, without an intermediary aid. The popular Japanese imaginations were stirred by fans, curios, kites, parasols, combs,

CELL BIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CELL BIOLOGY - Essay Example In the first set, all hybrids with thiolase residue 100 intact have been imported into the peroxisome, and those lacking residue 100 or more remain in the cytosol. In the second set, all hybrids with residue 125 or greater have been imported into the peroxisome, and those lacking residue 125 or lesser remain in the cytosol. 3. In the absence of hormones, protein B binds to protein A in the cytosol (immediately after translation of protein A in the cytosol). This binding prevents access to the nuclear transport machinery. This can happen in many ways, two of which are described here: protein B may mask the nuclear localisation signal (as in the case of the hsp90 - steroid hormone system), or protein B may anchor protein A in the cytosol. In each case, the binding of the hormone to either protein causes dissociation of the two proteins, and protein A has access to the nuclear transport machinery. Thus, in normal cells, protein B is always found in the cytosolic extract, whereas the presence of hormone causes protein A to be found in the nucleus, rather than the cytosolic extract, where it is seen in the absence of hormone. 4. A. The protein enters the ER and goes through the default pathway (ER->Golgi->Cell Surface). This is because ER import is co-translational, whereas nuclear import is post-translational. Thus, before the nuclear import signal can be recognized, the protein is already within the ER lumen. B. The protein is imported into the mitochondria. This is because the nuclear export signal is different from the nuclear import signal, therefore the protein never enters the nucleus, and the mitchondrial import signal is recognized in the cytosol ii) The chances of fusion are increased, whenever the same protein (either Y or Z) is present on both donor and target membranes. Thus, when none of the two are present on both, the chances of fusion is 50% of the maximal, when either Y or Z is present on both membranes, chances of fusion increases

Identity and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identity and culture - Essay Example If a person favors the said outlook, the main priority is to be viewed as a being apart from others in the society. He/she is an individual thriving in an out-group on the belief that he/she can better exist in the said setting. On the other hand, there are individuals in the society who prioritize collectivism. They want to be perceived as one of the members of the in-group. As compared to people who advocate individualism, people in this group wanted to maximize interpersonal relationship and communication. They thrive and operate exceptionally through cultural empathy and can be considered as those people who have great understanding of the need for unity regardless of differences. People who wanted to be perceived as one who understands culture and the behaviors of other people are often open to acculturation and enculturation. The main query of the paper explores the influence of identity and culture on the manner by which a person wanted to be perceived by others. It can be considered that identity and culture are interacting elements that produce a person’s character. A person who wanted to be perceived as an individualist gives more priority to his or her individuality while a person who wanted to be perceived as a very social and cooperative person gives more priority to his or her role in the society contribution to the

The interpretation of Islamic texts is entirely independent of Essay

The interpretation of Islamic texts is entirely independent of historical vicissitudes. Discuss - Essay Example Most of the interpretation of the Islamic texts is based on the historical changes and this is modified in order to suit a particular context whether present or past. It is in this perspective that I will be arguing against the perception that the interpretation of the Islamic texts is entirely independent of historical vicissitudes. The paper will be split into various categories in order to look analytically on the aspects that support my argument. The first section will be a history on Islam in the world. Thereafter I will discuss and argue against the aforementioned topic. This will be done in different contexts like looking at the gender in relation of the Islam; this will be looked at in relation of the treatment of women and men through the interpretation of the Islamic texts. Each concept will be looked at analytically with the support of relevant reading material and credited sources. The last section will be the conclusion of the paper and how each of the said point has bee n relevant during the research for this paper. Each argument will be argued first with me giving my own opinion about it then using the citation from relevant materials and concluding with my own opinion of the said topic. Each stage will have the relevant support references. Introduction to Islam The history of Islam has in most cases been associated with the sole existence of Islamic states and empires. Since the beginning Islam was existing; the spread of the religion was on a community—state basis. It was both a faith and a political order. Within years and centuries after the His death, Muhammad’s local Arabian polity did become a very huge empire going as far as North Africa to Southeast Asia. The advancement and development of Islam and institutions are always intertwined. Islam: The History In the 6th Century in the Arabia brought forward the rise of Islam. The Arabia was the source and congregation of many beliefs. Christianity and also the practice of Judaism was in the region although for the better part of the 6th Century C.E (Common Era) they were overwhelmed by the faction of the tribal deities that practices barbaric activities. Muhammad (pbuh), the Prophet of Islam was born in Mecca in 570 Common Era in what is referred to as Saudi Arabia. His family dealt in trade and by the time He was 25 he was employed by an old woman who was a widow with whom He later married. At 40, He began to experience visions and also auditory revelations, throughout His occasional meditation retreat in the caves. According to Islamic Social Services Association, the angel Gabriel revealed himself to Him and gave Him a book in which he was commanded to â€Å"Read†. In the beginning this revelation was being shared with His friends and family and with instances He congregated on a daily basis with the growing number of people and the meaning of Peace was shared. The message that Muhammad (pbuh) had for Peace was met with resistance thus it made Him run away to Medina. The event is called Hijrah (emigration). Eventually He returned to Mecca and died in 632 in Medina and He also did not leave any male heir. According to Endress (1987), The word Islam is an Arabic word meaning peace, greeting, allegiance loyalty and obedience to the Creator. According to Muslims, Allah chose Prophet

Teenage pregnancy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teenage pregnancy - Assignment Example In developing countries, rampant teenage pregnancies may have long-lasting effects on the members of the community such as continuation of poverty. Unicef. (2008). Young People and Family Planning: Teenage Pregnancy. Retrieved January 27, 2015, from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCQQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fmalaysia%2FTeenage_Pregnancies_-_Overview.pdf&ei=eSHHVOG9C4HlUMvPg4gN&usg=AFQjCNEFM-dJ5DUmA4Hv3uDkywb5EVqxIw&sig2=1ufPGEIhzhF0UZ-qQA4Pfw&bvm=bv.84349003,d.d24 UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund, is an organization that was set up by the United Nations to cater for children’s welfare and heath after World War II. However, even after the assistance of World War II, UNICEF continued to operate as an arm of the United Nations, dealing with children issues in member countries. My assessment: the organization relies on researches and investigations to come up with reports that are important in coming up with policies touching on children matters. The above report explicitly touches on teenage pregnancy, and it is based upon research that was carried out by The Lancet’s Maternal Survival and Women Deliver Series (2006/2007) and 2007 World Health Report. According to the report by UNICEF, teenage pregnancy can occur either through early marriages or unintended pregnancies before the age of 20. According to the report, 49% of girls in developing and least developed countries get married before they reach their 20th birthday. Most people in developing and least developed countries believe that marriage is for procreation, and thus the teenager married of will have to get pregnant. The reliability of this report based on the source is good because this is an organization that deals specifically with children issues and is in a better position to comment on children’s issues. However,

Briefing Article 750 words & Case Analysis Report 1000 words include Essay

Briefing Article 750 words & Case Analysis Report 1000 words include appropriate 2-3 graphics - Essay Example They have more than 300,000 Team Members at corporate offices and they have owned, managed and franchised properties in 90 different countries. Audience: Hilton worldwide focuses business and cooperate class worldwide. Their main target is business people who travel from country to country to attend their seminars and meetings. They provide them with best services and hospitality. They keep on improving their hotels culture, environment and services to make their customer attracted and impressed. Hilton worldwide is a market leader in hospitality, sustainability, travel, and tourism and business sector. They are grabbing the attention of their audience by updating photos of every event that held in there on social media. This thing helps them to stay in touch with their audience. More over they attract people by their magazines and latest updates on face book and via emails to some regular customers (Hilton Caribbean 2013). Strategy: The PR CP assured Communications Strategy Hilton W orldwide had a voice in all targeted areas and relevant markets for the Organization's goals and mission statement. The main campaign for Hilton Worldwide Australasia was based around the leadership of thought and raises the profile of the Organization and its main spokesman. Hilton Worldwide could not be positioned as "just another brand of luxury hotel" instead; CP Communications has developed a strategy which focuses on the "behind the scenes of the development of business and HR of Hilton Worldwide practices as well as the sector of the luxury target, travel and hospitality. Media strategy focused on shedding light on Hilton Worldwide Australasia made differently from the other brands of hotels, to raise awareness on key questions, issues and changes that occur with the industry and introduced Hilton Worldwide as a leader of opinion and change agent to these key discussion topics. This strategy has been chosen to achieve a wider network of customers - and not only luxury, hospit ality and travel business, but, HR, customer service and the MICE sector sustainability. The public relations for Hilton Worldwide Australasia strategy involved running tactics of traditional public relations, including press releases, interviews, and the possibilities of expression. Causes and effects: Hilton worldwide is one of the most expensive hotel and its charges are increasing in nights (Hiltonworldwide.sc.hodesdigital.com 2013. This is no good for the clients and for the hotel itself. Household finances are also increasing so they will prefer to fulfill their basic necessities instead of spending in such an expensive hotel. They might buy their own farm house to spend vocation instead spending money in hotel in every vocations. Unemployment level is also increasing are more people are interested to be a part of hospitality industry. Recommendation: Hilton worldwide is doing its job very perfectly and efficiently handling its services. It in so many different countries but s till manages to maintain the quality of services and products. If we compare Hilton worldwide expenses and charges they are much higher than other five and seven star hotels. But if we look at the experience differentiation than there is no comparison of their hotel and living experience over there. Spending money in a place like Hilton worldwide seems worthwhile. Predictions: Research shows that Hilton Worldwide will be the market leader in the hospitality indus

Transcendendalist theories and beliefs, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau, transcendentalism today Essay Example for Free

Transcendendalist theories and beliefs, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau, transcendentalism today Essay In the world of Ralph Waldo Emerson, nothing is more simple than greatness, to be simple is to be great. Emerson believed in simplifying life, he believed that the less possessions a person had the less they had to worry about. He developed a new and creative way of philosophy titled transcendentalism. Transcendentalism dealt with finding joy in nature, simplicity, and individualism. Simplicity is the state of being simple, uncomplicated, or uncompounded. Simplifying life cuts back on stress and worries. Whats the point in owning 50 pairs of shoes, when all that is really needed is 1 good pair that can be worn every day? Simplifying life cuts back on unnecessary items, there fore cutting back on stress. Today people are more materialistic then ever. They need everything and will buy anything. People forget that man makes possessions, possessions dont make the man. To be an individual means to strike off on ones own path. To not follow in the footsteps of others, theres no fun in doing what everybody else does. Transcendentalism urges people to take their destiny by the hand and follow it wherever it should lead them, for they will receive true enlightenment and fulfillment in life. If everybody just did the same thing the world would be a very boring place, everyone was created different for a reason. Emerson and Thoreau lived in a very traditional sort of society, however, the times have changed. Today so much more is accepted people are no longer afraid to be individuals. If a person wants to dye their hair pink, pierce their face 17 times and get 45 tattoos, nobody really cares. Now days people can express their individual personalities without fear. Thoreau felt that a man could only really find himself by looking to nature, and the great outdoors. For a year he actually moved out into the middle of the woods just to be at peace with himself and live off the land. However that would be kind of difficult to do these days unless one already owns the land, and pays taxes. In recent times people still love nature, they love to get away to the great outdoors for a weekend of camping, or fishing, or a day at the beach. In conclusion, transcendentalism is a very unique and different way of thinking. Yet it is still the way human beings naturally act, they love nature, and they are all created as individuals. People, however, are somewhat greedy and materialistic by nature, they have basic needs. This way of thinking is very awe-inspiring and hopefully will not disappear anytime soon.

Bilingualism and Biculturalism Essay Example for Free

Bilingualism and Biculturalism Essay Running Head: BILINGUALISM AND BICULTURALISM E. Biculturalism in society Biculturalism usually exists in a country where two different cultures or cultural identities are allowed to freely flourish within the society. It is characterized by widespread occupation of people belonging to two diverse cultures. However, true biculturalism cannot exist in a country where one culture is suppressed or discriminated. Bicultural countries have official policies to protect the interest of both cultures. It also facilitates equitable status and rights to people belonging to both cultures without any prejudice. These countries also celebrate festivals pertaining to both cultures to preserve integrity of both cultures and foster the spirit of togetherness. E. 1 Biculturalism in Canada Canada follows a policy of official bilingualism as its gives equal status to both English and French in its parliament and courts. This was done to preserve the cultural identity of French communities in Canada, as support for the French language in Canada had weakened and English had become the preferred language in business and politics, by the end of the nineteenth century. As the years passed by, Francophone communities outside of Quebec begun to realize the extinction of their culture was inevitable, unless French-based education was made a top priority. Certain political forces in Quebec had also wanted a separate state during the 1960s. Franco-Albertans living in Quebec called for bilingualism and biculturalism to ensure that Canada stayed united. This led to the proclamation of the Official Languages Act of 1969 announcing Canada as a bilingual nation (Alberta’s Francophone Heritage 3). Today, Franco-Albertans are entitled to exclusive French-only education according to rights guaranteed by Bilingualism and Biculturalism Commission, while French is also now used in government offices and hospitals in Alberta. All these developments with respect to biculturalism have kept Canada together as one nation and led to the revival of the French culture. E. 2 Biculturalism in Australia Australia was originally inhabited only by several indigenous tribes, until the Europeans settlers started to immigrate there. These relatively new settlers started to control the ethnicity of the immigrants settling down to ensure that Australia had a cultural identity of a British Colony. Until 1973, the governments empowered by the Immigration Restriction Act followed the White Australia policy to keep a check on non-European immigration. The racial injustice perpetrated by the White Australia policy official came to end by passing of the Racial Discrimination Act in 1975. Australia started to rigorously follow a bicultural policy similar to Canada, opening its doors to several thousands of immigrants from all over the world. The extent of Australia’s multicultural policy can be better understood from a 2005 Department of Immigration statistic which reports that forty percent of the contributing workforce in Australia had at least one parent born outside of Australia, while twenty-five percent of them were not originally born in Australia (Wikiepedia 9). Australian values of ‘mateship’ centered on equality, loyalty and friendship, have enshrined in its biculturalism policy and given equal rights to all Australian citizens irrespective of their ethnicity. Multiculturalism was initially perceived as the acceptance of people coming from different cultural backgrounds as members of Australian society. However, the significance of biculturalism has now deepened and empowered immigrants in Australia to express their cultural identity, thereby enabling them to experience both Australian culture as well as their native culture. E. 3 Biculturalism in the United States America, in spite of being one of most culturally diverse nations in the world and built on values of equality, does not officially have a federal multiculturalism policy. That being said, America does practices biculturalism on a social level as immigrants from various countries are freely allowed to practice their religion and exhibit their cultural identity. The Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 nullified quotas based on one’s national origin. Since then, more twenty twenty-eight million people immigrants have legally been accepted by the United States of America. Bilingualism is also prevalent is certain Southern states that are heavily populated with Spanish-speaking immigrants. F. The relationship of bilingualism to biculturalism Bilingualism and biculturalism are concepts that are very closely tied together. Bilingualism not only helps one to connect and effectively communicate with the society around him/her, but also enables a person to maintain command over his/her native language. Since language is the key to stay in touch with one’s ethic or national culture, bilingualism helps foster biculturalism as well. F. 1. Origin of bilingualism in bicultural societies Canada was one of the pioneers of the New World to officially adopt the policy of bilingualism. In 1867, British North America Act was passed to legalize to conversing in English as well as French in Canadian Parliament as well as Courts of Law, thereby paving the way for a bicultural state. As the world’s political climate began to change during the beginning of the twentieth century, the idea of cultural pluralism started to gain momentum. Biculturalism began in western world and paved the way for biculturalism to be adopted as a political policy in many other parts of the world. F. 2. Bilingual education Bilingual education is a method of teaching all subjects to students through a country’s primary language as well as the student’s native language. There are several types of approaches and programs available to carry out bilingual education. Transitional programs teach all subjects in the students’ native language and English is taught as a separate subject until bilingual students can study along with other native students in normal classrooms. Dual Language programs consist of an equal combination of students who are native English speakers as well students who have another common native language. These methods enable all students in the class to be bilingual and understand subject matter in both languages. Late-exit program is yet another method that is quite similar to transitional programs, but it also teaches all the subjects in English again to reinforce the subject content and achieve effective bilingualism. It is hard to generalize and develop a common plan to educate bilingual students. For instance, in the US, young immigrants are either more educated or less educated native-born American students since immigrants from Asian countries are relatively well-educated compared to their South American counterparts, as a result of to social and economic differences. Language maintenance and Language shift Language maintenance is an effort to preserve the linguistic ability of child in his/her native language, while not compromising on learning the popular secondary language at school. It is can result from a passion for one’s culture or a necessity to communicate with elder members in the family. Career prospects due to international acclaim or the availability of media services such as television programs or books in one’s native could also cause language maintenance. The avoidance of one’s native language is known as language shift. For instance, bilingual children may stop using their mother tongue owing to a higher degree of English exposure in school. Other factors that influence language shift are fear of one’s native language negatively influencing their English language skills or learning abilities. Lack of parental encouragement to maintain one’s native language can also lead to language shift. G. Transference Transference occurs when a person’s native language negatively influences the way he/she uses another language or vice-versa. This influence can occur in the form of distinctive oral expressions i. e. accent or odd sentence compositions. It is classified into lexical, phonological, semantic, prosodic, tonemic, syntactic and pragmatic transferences. CONCLUSION The concepts of bilingualism and biculturalism are two critical aspects that have held together societies comprising of several cultures, languages, races and ethnic backgrounds. Since transference or the deviation from the norms of a language could lead to language shift, proper bilingual education has to be provided to ensure that one is comfortable using both languages. Bilingualism, the preservation of one’s native language accompanied by command over a country’s primary language, is necessary to achieve biculturalism in a society as well retaining one’s true cultural identity. References A Research Guide for Students. (1998-2006). Retrieved March 20, 2008. http://www. aresearchguide. com/1steps. html Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from Alberta’s Francophone Heritage. http://www. edukits. ca/francophone/en/secondary/infomatics_text_bilingualism. html Chan, K. (1998). Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from Academia. http://www. geocities. com/goktimus/bilingualism. html Multiculturalism. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiculturalism.

The Advantages Of Intrusion Detection System

The Advantages Of Intrusion Detection System It is very surprising that the Energy Company does have no Intrusion Detection system yet. It is very important for a company whos providing exchanging valuable information with consumers. Here Ill talk about Intrusion Detection system, their categories, their advantages disadvantages and my recommendations. Intrusion Detection system (IDS): Intrusion detection system can be referred as management system for both computers and networks. It is combination of architected devices and software applications with the purpose of detecting malicious activities and violation of policies and produce report on that. Intrusion detection system can monitor a network for any kind of abusive, abnormal or malicious activity. It keeps to log of every single malicious or abusive activity. These logs are very important for security professionals to take any steps or to set any rules against these activities. The logs kept by IDS can be used against an abuser as an evidence to take any legal step. Disadvantages of Intrusion Detection system (IDS): Often intrusion detection systems often produce false report of malicious activity. Sometimes this makes the real malicious activity ignored. One of the key features of most intrusion detection system is they operate upon packets which are encrypted. These encrypted packets are complicated for analysis. Type of Intrusion Detection system (IDS): We can categorize intrusion detection system primarily into three basic categories. They are network intrusion detection system (NIDS) host intrusion detection system (HIDS) honeypots Network intrusion detection system (NIDS) Network intrusion detection systems are built based on packet sniffer technology by adding login in it. NIDS job is to read the all incoming data packet and detect suspicious patterns by crosschecking stored examples of malicious network traffic. Recommendation for Network intrusion detection system (NIDS): My recommendation for network intrusion detection system is Snort ®. Advantages of using Snort ®: Snort ® is an open source network intrusion prevention and detection system. Because of its being open source so its highly customizable as pet companys requirement. Its free. Because its an open source software. But if we need any corporate customization then it going to take some charges which is negotiable. Advantages of using Snort ®: One of key feature of Snort ® is it build up a new signature to trace vulnerabilities. It keeps records of data packets in show then in a human-readable form from its IP address We can use Snort ® as a passive trap to record unwanted presence of traffic that should not suppose to be found on a network. It can be used to supervise and monitor both home DSL connection and a corporate website. Snort ® can identify buffer overflows, CGI attacks, overflows, stealth port scans, NetBIOS queries and SMB probes, well known backdoors and system vulnerabilities, NMAP and other port scanners and DDOS clients. It alerts the users about those attack and malicious functions Host intrusion detection system (HIDS) Host intrusion detection system (HIDS) in a form of intrusion detection system whichs task is to monitor and analyze activities happening on a production system of a computer system. Recommendation for Host intrusion detection system (HIDS): My recommendation for host intrusion detection system is OSSEC. Advantages of using OSSEC: OSSEC is an open source host intrusion prevention and detection system. OSSEC is highly customizable, because it is open source. Its free. Because its an open source software. But if we need any corporate customization then it going to take some charges which is negotiable. OSSEC can be operated through multiplatform like windows, UNIX, Linux, Solaris etc. Features of OSSEC: File Integrity checking: One common attack in any network or computer is that they change the target system in some manner. The purpose of file integrity checking is to track down those changes and generates notification when they occur. Rootkit spotting: Abusers mostly known as hackers try to hide their malicious activity. Rootkit spotting generates notification notifies if any attempt occur. Monitoring log: OSSEC monitors, collect, analyze and compare all those log which are generated by operating system, devices and application in a network. The purpose of it is to let the management and security officials know if there is something going wrong. Active response feature: It can take real-time, immediate and automatic action without waiting for admin to respond. Honeypots Honeypots is a jargon used in computer terminology which refers a set of trap whichs task is to mask a computer systems identity and invite malicious and abusive activity to gather information about attackers. Based on their manner of deployment and intensity of involvement Honeypots can be categorized. In basis of deployment Honeypots can be classified as Production Honeypots Research Honeypots Recommendation for Honeypots: Here we will use production type honeypots. Because these kinds of honeypots are suitable for usage in companies and corporations for their easy to use, capturing limited information features. My recommended honeypot is Argos. Advantages of using Argos: Argos built based on an open source emulator which employs dynamic translation to conceive pretty good emulation speed. Its base on an open source emulator. So its highly customizable. Recommendation for NIDS sensor: My recommend for NIDS sensor is Cisco intrusion detection system 4235 sensor. Price: $ 1,425 Advantages: Cisco products are reliable. Fully purpose built. High performance Quick response

Survival Of The Huaorani Warriors Theology Religion Essay

Survival Of The Huaorani Warriors Theology Religion Essay The Huaorani Warriors of Ecuador have a rich culture including Gender relations, Beliefs and Values, and Sickness and Healing. They are cultivators as well as hunters who live in the Amazonian Rainforest in South America. Most Huaorani make their homes in northeastern Ecuador, but interestingly are not familiar with normal Ecuadorian culture. According to BBC News World (2011) The Huaorani have only had contact with outsiders in the last century. They are known to have killed oil workers in the 1940s, when Shell Oil had a station on their territory. Many Huaorani were relocated in the 1970s to make way for oil exploration http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12937408. The Huaorani are famous for being an aggressive, warlike community who disliked and killed Westerners. Huaorani and their advocates are involved in legal battles with oil companies that have built pipelines through their traditional lands. To this day, Huaorani continue to battle these pipelines. Even though living in the fo rest offered protection, they are hunters as well as cultivators and will kill to protect their way of life. Their populations of approximately 4,000 speak a Huaorani language, and studies have shown that this language is not associated with any other languages spoken in Ecuador. The Huaorani people have different features those of other tribes in Ecuador. The Huaorani people are sandwiched between the Curaray and Napo rivers which is notorious for the oil trap and logging which in Ecuador can get people in trouble with the law. This community is well known for the gruesome way they attack foreigners and other tribes around them to protect their culture. (Kaplan, Larrick, Yost, 1980). The Huaorani, Waorani or Waodani also known as the Waos are foragers. In their society women and men have equal gender relations. For the Huaorani people, the women and men are considered equal, comparing to their neighboring tribe, the Kichwas, where the women are not equal but less than men. Women are responsible for cultivating and harvesting the crops while the men hunt. As such, they are both foragers and horticulturalists hunting using their spears to kill animals and cultivate manioc and bananas. Although they make family decisions together the women are very strong and can take care of themselves. Traditionally, a Huaorani settlement pattern consist of self-sufficient and isolated residential units with an average of twenty to thirty members inhabiting each longhouse. Kinship and marriage were structured by bilateral descent and cross cousin marriages. Cross cousin marriage divides people into two types, parallel cousins which are considered as siblings and cross cousins who could be potential spouses. The women may leave their spouse if they choose to, unlike the other tribe. The Huaorani have low birth rate unlike their neighbors. The Huaorani people usually only have two or three children. The Huaorani people limit and control their birth rates because of the availability of food. The women made a special blend of tea from items in the forest to use as birth control to prevent children. Men and women cannot survive without each others presence because each has their own duties to fulfill within the tribe. Their main hunting weapon is the blow gun and the arrows used are dipped in curare poison to paralyze the muscles of the animals being targeted. The huaorani were against eating deer, because they thought that deer eyes look very similar to human eyes. Spears were used for person to person conflict and settling of scores especially with the Western civilization. The Huaorani people made unusual outfits. There is a fruit, called achiote, which gives a red extract. They utilize this to paint items and their bodies as well as on special days. They use teeth of boars and the feathers of birds. The Huaorani men would consider a kome a form of cloth. This is a string like that ties to the foreskin and around the men waist. The Huaorani people have long hair in the back and their banes are cut all the way to the back of the ears. The Huaorani elders ears are pierced in a loop like ring. The various rings over time create a large drooping circle which hangs below the ear. Since this is an excruciating process present generations have stopped doing this. The pain is so unbearable that the bravest men have complained about the pain. This painful process normally begins in childhood. The term Huaorani means human beings or the people, and they refer to everyone else as cowode or non-humans. According to the various studies conducted the Huaoranis have come to be known for their way of isolating themselves from everyone by remaining in the forest. This way of life is due to their belief of the forest being a source of protection from anything and anyone that may cause harm to them. As a result, they believe everything outside of the forest is unsafe. This way of life forces them to hunt and gather food from their natural surroundings. Their beliefs and values play a major part on how they hunt and must gathering food for their daily diet. According to the Huaorani people, there are specific animals that may not be hunted. This also includes monkeys, wild peccaries, and birds for this there are some animals that cannot be eaten by anyone. As to the belief and values, anything that has features similar to a human can fall in that category as well. A deer would be one example. Hunting to gain profit within the society is deemed as an unethical matter. In many cases the Huaorani people believe that the spirit of the animals killed continue to live in the forest. This affects the way of how hunting and eating is done within the Huaorani society. This belief and value limits the type of species they are allowed to hunt for food. On the other hand, the forest is generally important in society since it provide them with medicines and other sources of food. The Huaorani community possesses a lot of knowledge concerning the botanical and medicinal values of plants in the forest. Plants are considered a part of the life of this community, since they are a part of the forest. (Kaplan, Larrick, Yost, 1980). The Huaorani people hold animist religious views, they believe spirits inhabit their forest, and that the Huaorani originally descended from the union of a jaguar and an eagle. The Huaorani people believe that a large serpent, when they pass on to the afterlife, is guarding the way to the spirit world and they must escape in order to enter the heaven. If unable to escape the serpent the dead would return as an animal. For this reason there is a limit on what animals that may be hunted for food. Unfortunately, this taboo has resulted in an even more limited amount of resources to hunt. Huaorani people are not allowed to hunt and eat certain animals such as the jaguar. This is because the jaguar is a significant and outstanding creature in the spirit world. They believe that the jaguar and the eagle have come together to create mankind. Some elders have the capacity to communicate with the spirit world generally adopt Jaguar sons. Jaguar sons were able to communicate both medical and s piritual knowledge. As a result, from this belief the Huaorani people highly respect the jaguar and hence they should not be hunted. (Man, 1982) When the Huaorani people die and pass over into the afterlife, they believe that a person should embark on a journey to get to heaven. During this journey, there would be a serpent in the middle of the persons journey. Only the strongest could jump over the serpent to get to heaven. The souls that do not make it over would descend back to earth as an animal. The Huaoranis are feared by everyone around them because of how violent they were known to be. The Huaorani people are fierce and unpredictable. They seem unemotional and which made it very difficult for anyone to interpret their mood or behavior. The Huaorani were feared greatly because they would violently kill with vengeance anyone who stood against them. Generally any conflict with the Huaorani resulted in the other person being speared. In the Waorani world there would be no difference between the present life and the life after death. The Huaorani once saw the world as a big forest. The basic entity for their culture dependency and existence remains in the enormous rain forest. The forest is their home. Since the outside world is considered to be a risk factor they remain in the forest for protection of all things that may cause harm to them. They consider the river and the trees a part of their life. This is what they are taught to understand as they raised up in the Huaorani community. The Huaorani people believe that animals exist spiritually and physically. They say that when you die a great serpent is waiting for you to prevent you from crossing over into heaven. All spirits that fail returns to suffer on earth. On earth these animals are recognized, respected, and cannot be harmed. They believed in the presence of animal spirits. The animal spirits are released when an animal is killed and harm its killer if it is not properly placated. The animals spirit may cause physical harm to the killer and potentially others. As the Huaorani people hunt for survival, they prepare the curare for the dead animals. Mengatoi are special people that live within the Huaorani community. The Mengatoi are believed to be able to transform into jaguars and also have the ability cure diseases and illnesses. If the Mengatoi has an ill patient, they will make dark colored psychoactive potion from a Banisteriopsis vine called Mii. This potion is made to cure the sick. The Mengatoi will then take the potion while sitting with the patient who is ill. Then as the Mengatoi is mediating and communicating with the animal spirits on behalf of the ill patient to make the person go back to feeling as their normal self again. The healing process must take place in the hours of darkness to take. Therefore, the process always takes place at night in the hours of darkness. The Mengatoi will follow the jaguar spirit which will lead them to a plant which in return will be the cure for ill stricken patient. They may take and blow peppers on the patients chest, or the Mengatois may suck on the persons head and then simply spit the sickness onto the ground. At the end of the process, the Mengatoi will give the patient a prescription of the herbs for them to take in the days to come. The Huaorani people are no longer travelers and presently have a permanent community. The settlements are made of five groups which are the Tagareri, Onamenane, Huinature and Taromenane. They isolate themselves at their own free will from our civilization to prevent unwanted influence. Technological advances have transformed the world and the Huaorani prefer to remain isolated with the forest. According to the Huaorani people, the forest is a safe haven from danger and the unknown supernatural. They only treasure what they do best which is hunting, gathering, and protecting their environment. They believe that plants and animals are connected by a spiritual as well as physical life force. Therefore they value the presence of animals and respect them when they are hunting because they believe that when someone dies they come back in animal form. This tribe has an ordinary way of healing their wound and sicknesses with herbs found in the Amazon. (Man, 1982) For the Huaorani, the forest is home, while the outside world is considered unsafe: living in the forest offered protection from the witchcraft and attacks of neighboring peoples (Southernexplorations.com). In the U.S. hunting is more of a hobby or leisure activity rather than a source of survival. But to the Huaorani hunting is a major part of their survival. They are known to have killed oil workers in the 1940s, when Shell Oil had a station on their territory. And in 1970s many Huaorani were relocated to settlements to make way for oil exploration http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12937408. Culture includes knowledge, beliefs, values, laws, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by people as a member of ones society. Due to the global demand for oil the Huaorani society and culture has changed forever. I believe the Huaorani had a right to kill the corporate giants who invaded their territory interrupting their primary mode of subsistence as well as their cu lture and way of life. Huaorani and their advocates are involved in legal battles with oil companies that have built pipelines through the rainforest of South America. To this day, Huaorani continue to battle these pipelines.